The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity
are located ________.
A) in the glandular tissue that lines the
organ lumen
B) in the walls of the tract organs
C) in the
pons and medulla
D) only in the esophagus because this is the
only part of the tract that needs to change to accommodate food passage
B
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
A) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the
urinary tract
B) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic
processing or storage
C) distribute hormones
D) return
glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
B
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called
________.
A) digestion
B) absorption
C) ingestion
D) secretion
A
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and
proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split
these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.
A)
absorption
B) secretion
C) chemical digestion
D)
mechanical digestion
C
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in
place are called ________.
A) mesenteries
B) lamina
propria
C) serosal lining
D) mucosal lining
A
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the
alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange
them in order from the lumen.
A) muscularis externa, serosa,
mucosa, and submucosa
B) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and
muscularis externa
C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and
mucosa
D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
D
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach
mucosal barrier?
A) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus
B) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cells
C) replacing
of damaged epithelial mucosa cells
D) rennin
D
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?
A) crown
B) enamel
C) pulp
D) cementum
B
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested
nutrients lie in the ________.
A) muscularis mucosae
B)
serosa
C) adventitia
D) lamina propria
D
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic
juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?
A)
gastrin
B) secretin
C) cholecystokinin CCK
D)
gastric inhibitor peptide
C
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
A) Bile is both
an excretory product and a digestive secretion.
B) Bile
functions to emulsify fats.
C) Bile functions to carry bilirubin
formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCs.
D) Bile contains enzymes
for digestion.
D
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by
increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the
following accomplish this task?
A) plicae circulares and
intestinal villi
B) the vast array of digestive enzymes
C)
Brunner's glands
D) the rugae
A
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.
A)
There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.
B)
There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13
months.
C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age
most children have all 20.
D) There are 32 primary teeth, and
most children lose these teeth due to decay because they are never
very strong.
C
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of
permanent teeth?
A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom
teeth are the last to emerge.
B) There are 27 permanent teeth,
and the first molars are usually the last to emerge.
C) The
number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary
teeth.
D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to
the number of lower permanent teeth.
A
Which of the following is not true of saliva?
A) cleanses the
mouth
B) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins
C) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolus
D)
dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
B
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory
cells?
A) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells
B)
parietal cells and glial cells
C) serous cells and mucous cells
D) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
C
The solutes contained in saliva include ________.
A) only salts
and minerals
B) only proteases and amylase
C) mucin,
lysozyme, electrolytes, salts, and minerals
D) electrolytes,
digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
D
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach
________.
A) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins
B) is the first site where absorption takes place
C) is
the only place where fats are completely digested
D) is the
first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place
A
Chyme is created in the ________.
A) mouth
B) stomach
C) esophagus
D) small intestine
B
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the
stomach?
A) chief cells
B) parietal cells
C) serous
cells
D) mucous neck cells
B
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and
somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly
into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize
and secrete these products?
A) enteroendocrine cells
B)
parietal cells
C) zymogenic cells
D) mucous neck cells
A
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase
occurs ________.
A) before food enters the stomach and is
triggered by aroma, sight, or thought
B) immediately after food
enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a
variety of nutrients
C) at the end of a large meal, and the
juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for a long
period of time
D) when the meal is excessively high in acids and
neutralization is required
A
Peristaltic waves are ________.
A) segmental regions of the
gastrointestinal tract
B) churning movements of the
gastrointestinal tract
C) pendular movements of the
gastrointestinal tract
D) waves of muscular contractions that
propel contents from one point to another
D
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the
stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are
stimulated by the presence of ________.
A) starches and complex
carbohydrates
B) protein and peptide fragments
C) simple
carbohydrates and alcohols
D) fatty acids
B
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
A)
chief cells of the stomach
B) parietal cells of the duodenum
C) Brunner's glands
D) goblet cells of the small intestine
A
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of
the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
A) gastrin
B) amylase
C) cholecystokinin
D) trypsin
B
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and
pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
A) portal
vein
B) pancreatic acini
C) bile canaliculus
D)
hepatopancreatic ampulla
D
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called
________.
A) diffusion
B) active transport
C)
hydrolysis
D) denatured
C
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules
in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption.
Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
A) rennin
B) pepsin
C) lipase
D) cholecystokinin
C
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.
A) mucin
B) pepsinogen
C) hydrochloric acid
D) rennin
C
31) Hepatocytes do not ________.
A) produce digestive enzymes
B) process nutrients
C) store fat-soluble vitamins
D) detoxify
A
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?
A)
cephalic
B) gastric
C) intestinal
D) enterogastric
D
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
A) B12
B) K
C) A
D) C
A
Chief cells ________.
A) occur in the intestine
B)
produce HCl
C) are found in the basal regions of the gastric
glands
D) produce mucin
C
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler
compounds by the process of ________.
A) mastication
B)
catabolism
C) anabolism
D) fermentation
B
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages)
that lead to a central venous structure.
A) liver
B)
spleen
C) pancreas
D) stomach
A
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an
obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________.
A) serosa
B) mucosa
C) muscularis externa
D) submucosa
A
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________.
A) duodenum
B) ileum
C) jejunum
D) pyloric sphincter
B
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand
for?
A) incisor tooth
B) molar tooth
C) premolar
tooth
D) canine tooth
D
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the
liver were severely damaged?
A) lipids
B) carbohydrates
C) proteins
D) starches
A
________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of
vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor.
A) Iron
B) Sodium
C) Phosphorus
D) Calcium
D
Important peritoneal folds do not include the ________.
A)
omenta
B) peritoneum
C) mesentery
D) round ligament
D
The lamina propria is composed of ________.
A) loose connective
tissue
B) dense irregular connective tissue
C) dense
regular connective tissue
D) reticular connective tissue
A
________ is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of
gastric secretion.
A) Distension
B) Carbohydrates
C)
Peptides
D) Low acidity
B
Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the
________.
A) accessory pancreatic duct
B) main pancreatic
duct
C) cystic duct
D) hepatopancreatic ampulla
C
The function of the goblet cells is to ________.
A) absorb
nutrients from digested food and store them for future use
B)
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the
effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
C) secrete
buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to
neutral
D) provide protection against invading bacteria and
other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food
B
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine
bacteria?
A) produce gas
B) absorb bilirubin
C)
synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins
D) synthesize
vitamins C and D
C
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.
A) somatic neurons in the spinal cord
B) the vagus nerve
and enteric plexus
C) the rubrospinal tracts
D) the
reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
B
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that
contain taste buds?
A) fungiform and circumvallate
B)
palatine and circumvallate
C) circumvallate and filiform
D) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform
A
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
A) parietal
cells
B) zymogenic cells
C) mucous neck cells
D)
enteroendocrine cells
A
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?
A)
dextrinase
B) amylase
C) trypsin
D) lipase
C
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of
the body?
A) tongue
B) esophagus
C) nasal cavity
D) salivary glands
A
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that
contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is
________.
A) bile
B) pancreatic juice
C) intestinal
juice
D) gastric juice
A
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels,
lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________.
A) mucosa
B) submucosa
C) muscularis externa
D) serosa
B
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine?
It ________.
A) does not contain villi
B) exhibits
external muscular bands called teniae coli
C) is longer than the
small intestine
D) has haustra
C
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production
in RBCs?
A) HCl
B) pepsinogen
C) intrinsic factor
D) gastric lipase
C
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal
villa?
A) simple diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) active transport driven directly or indirectly by metabolic
energy
D) bulk flow
C
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric
secretion.
A) Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in
decreased secretion of gastric juice.
B) The presence of food in
the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion.
C)
Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.
D) Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below a pH of 2).
C
Paneth cells ________.
A) are more common in the ileum than in
the jejunum
B) are absorptive cells in the small intestine
C) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
D) are located next
to the lacteal in a villus
C
Select the correct statement about digestive processes.
A)
Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric
motility.
B) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the
purpose of starch digestion.
C) Chyme entering the duodenum can
decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
D) All
commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa
of the stomach.
C
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________.
A)
a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa
B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for
gallbladder contraction
C) secretions from the spleen that
contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion
D) bile
salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily
digested by enzymatic action
B
Select the correct statement about absorption.
A) Eighty
percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the
large intestine.
B) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus
epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries.
C) If intact proteins are transported across the villus
epithelium, an immune response may be generated.
D) Amino acid
transport is linked to chloride transport.
C
Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption.
A)
Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid
transport.
B) Potassium moves across the epithelium by active
transport.
C) If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not
absorbed.
D) Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum.
D
You have just eaten french fries, buttered toast, ice cream, and
whole milk. Which of the following glands would be active in helping
you to digest this food?
A) the pancreas
B) the buccal
glands
C) the thyroid gland
D) the parotid glands
A
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the
following to occur?
A) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by
the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes.
B) This type of food
would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset.
C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the
fat in the duodenum.
D) The acid secretions from the stomach
would be sufficient to digest this food.
C
The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from ________.
A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) pachyderm
C
A baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile
vomiting after each feeding. On examination, it is found that the
sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is
thickened and does not open readily. Because of the baby's loss of
gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________.
A)
acidosis
B) ketosis
C) alkalosis
D) dysphagia
C
Hormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include
________.
A) ACh
B) secretin
C) gastrin
D) histamine
B
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?
A)
hepatic portal vein
B) inferior vena cava
C) superior
mesenteric artery
D) celiac artery
B
Which of these is not a component of saliva?
A) lysozyme
B) a cyanide compound
C) defensins
D) nitric oxide
D
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; our
Ig ________ antibody-mediated response restricts them from going
beyond the mucosa and causing problems.
A) D
B) A
C)
M
D) E
B