Human Anatomy & Physiology: A&P 1 lecture- chapter 6 Flashcards

1. hyaline cartilages- provide support, flexibility, and resilience, most abundant type

2. elastic cartilages- similar to hyaline cartilages but contain elastic fibers

3. fibrocartilages- collagen fibers- have great tensile strength

(from outside)

cells secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

- increases thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces

chondrocytes divide and secret new matrix, expanding cartilage from within.

- increases length of bones

skull, vertebral column and rib cage

bones of upper and lower limbs

1. Long bones- longer than they are wide (limbs bones)
2. short bones- cube shaped (in wrist and ankle). Sesamoid bones (w/in tendons, i.e- patella)
3. flat bones- thin, flat, slightly curved
4. irregular bones- complicated shapes

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Storage- minerals (Ca²⁺ and phosphorus) and growth factors
5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in marrow cavities
6. Triglyceride (energy storage) in bone cavities

projections, depressions, and holes or openings that serve as:

• sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
• joint surfaces
• conduits for blood vessels and nerves

rounded projection

narrow, prominent ridge

large, blunt, irregular surface

narrow ridge of bone

small rounded projection

raised area above a condyle

sharp, slender projection

any bony prominence

• Head- bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.
• Facet- smooth, nearly flat articular surface
• Condyle- rounded articular projection
• Ramus- armlike bar

canal-like passageway

cavity w/in a bone

shallow, basin-like depression

furrow

narrow, slitlike opening

round or oval opening through a bone

• outer fibrous layer
• inner osteogenic layer

bone-forming cells

bone-destroying cells

stem cells

cover spongy bone w/in

short irregular and flat bone

contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

• trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus
• trabecular cavities of the diploe of flat bones

medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

small cavities that contain osteocytes

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

at right angles to the central canal

connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal

contains blood vessels and nerves

weight-bearing; column-like matrix tubes

located in spongy bone.

align along lines of stress

no osteons; contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes and canaliculi

organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins)

• membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane (no cartilage)
• forms flat bones

• type of ossification
• requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

1. ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

2. bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted w/in firbrous membrane and calcifies

3. woven bone and periosteum form

4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.

1. bone collar forms around the hyaline cartilage model
2. cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities
3. the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bones begins to form
4. the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms as ossification continues. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses in preparation for stage 5.
5. The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

1. proliferation (growth)- cartilage undergoes mitosis
2. hypertonic- increasing thickness, older cartilage cells in large
3. calcification- matrix calcifies, cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating, blood vessels invade the cavity
4. ossification (osteogenic) new bone forms

epyphyseal plate activity

activity of growth hormone

1. occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed

Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamin C, D, and A; calcium; phosphorus magnesium; and manganese

Sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by the

• Osteoid seam- unmineralized band of matrix
• calcification front- the abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and older mineralized bone

• Osteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes (digestic organic matrix). Acids convert calcium salts into soluble forms
• Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitual fluid and then blood

calcium, phosphorus, mechanical and gravitational forces (body weight)

• transmission of nerve impulses
• muscle contraction
• blood coagulation
• secretion of glands and nerve cells
• cell division

controlled by parathyroid hormone (PTH)

• when blood calcium levels decreases
• PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Calcium.
• Blood calcium levels increases to normalization

Secondarily controlled by calcitonin

• when blood calcium levels increases
• parafollicular cells of thyroid release calcitonin
• osteoblasts deposit calcium salts
• blood calcium levels decreases to normalization

a bone grows and remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it.

1. hematoma forms
2. fibrocartilages callus forms
3. bony callus formation
4. bone remodeling

excessive and haphazard (disorganized) bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis femur or skull (not controlled)