humans and many other animals are _________
vertebrates
what are vertebrates classified by
segmented vertebral column
what is homeostasis
goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing eniornment
what is gross anatomy and what is another name for it
examines large visible structures . also called macroscopic anatomy
what is surface anatomy
a type of gross anatomy that involves the exterior features
what is regional anatomy
a type of gross anatomy that involves certain body areas
what is systemic anatomy
a type of gross anatomy that involves the organ system
what is developmental anatomy
a type of gross anatomy that involves examining someone from conception to death
what is clinical anatomy
a type of gross anatomy studying medical specialities
what is microscopic anatomy
examines cells and molecules
define cytology
the study of cells and their structure
define histology
the study of tissues and their structure
what does cell physiology study
processes within and between cells
what does organ physiology study
functions of specific organs
what does systemic physiology study
functions of an organ system
what does pathological physiology study
effects of diseases
what are the levels of organization
chemical-cellular-tissue-organ-organ system- organism
what are the major organs or the integumentary system
1. skin
2. hair
3. sweat glands
4. nails
what are the functions of the integumentary system
to protect against environmental hazards , help regulate body temp and provide sensory information
what are the major organs or the skeletal system
1. bones
2. cartilages
3. associated ligaments
4. bone marrow
what are the functions of the skeletal system
provides support and protection, stores calcium and other minerals and to form blood cells
what are the major organs of the muscular system
skeletal muscles and associated tendons
what are the functions of the muscular system
movement
protection
maintain body temperature
what are the major organs of the nervous system
brain
spinal cord
peripheral nerves
sense organs
what are the functions of the nervous system
1. directs immediate response to stimuli
2. coordinates or moderates activities of other organs
3. provides and interprets sensor information about external conditions
what are the major organs of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
adrenal glands
goads
endocrine tissues in other systems
what are the functions of the nervous system
1. direct long term changing in activities of other organ systems
2. adjust metabolic activities and energy used by the body
3. controls may structural and function changes development
what are the major organs of the cardiovascular system
heart
blood
blood vessels
what are the functions of the cardiovascular system
-distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide
-distributes heat and assist in control of body temperature
what are the major organs of the lymphatic system
spleen
thymus
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
tonsils
what are the functions of the lymphatic system
1. defends against infection and disease
2. returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
what are the major organs of the respiratory system
nasal cavities
sinuses
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
alveoli
what are the functions of the respiratory system
delivers air to alveoli
provides oxygen to bloodstream
removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
produces sound of communication
what are the major organs of the digestive system
teeth
tongue
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
what are the functions of the digestive system
processes and digest food
absorbs and conserves water
absorbs nutrients
stores energy reserves
what are the major organs of the urinary system
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
what are the functions of the urinary system
excretes waste products from the blood
controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
regulates blood ion concentration and pH
what are the major organs of the male reproductive system
testes
epididymides
ductus deferentia
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
penis
scrotum
what are the functions of the male reproductive system
produces male sex cells, suspending fluids, and hormones
sexual intercourse
what are the major organs of he female reproductive system
ovaries
uterine tube
uterus
vagina
labia
clitoris
mammary glands
what are the functions of the female reproductive system
produces female sex cells and hormones
support developing embryo from conception to delivery
provides milk to nourish newborn infant
sexual intercourse
what is homeostasis
all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment; systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range
what are the two mechanisms of regulation
autoregulation(intrinsic)
extrinsic regulation
what is autoregulation (intrinsic)
automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change
what is extrinsic regulation
response controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
what are the three parts of homeostasis and what do they do
receptor-receives the stimulus
control center- processes the signal and sends instruction
effector- carries out instruction
what is the role of negative feedback
negate the stimulus and bring body back to homeostasis and normal range is achieved
http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/biosnippets/biosnippets_container2.swf
what is the role of positive feedback
increase change of the stimulus and body is moved away from homeostasis; normal range is lost; used to speed process
homeostasis is a state of equalbrium. what does that mean
opposing forces are in balance
what is dynamic equilibrium
continual adaptation
what is superficial anatomy
locating structures on or near the body surface
what are the three anatomical landmarks and their meanings
anatomical position: hands at side, palms forward
supine : lying down, face up
prone: lying down, face down
what are the anatomical regions
-body region
-abdominopelvic quadrants
-abdominopelvic region
what are the abdominopelvic quadrants
right upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left upper quadrant
left lower quadrant
what are the abdominopelvic regions
right and left hypochondriac region
right and left lumbar region
right and left inguinal region
epigastric
umbilical
hypogastric(pubic)
directional terms: anterior
front surface (naval anterior to trunk surface)
directional terms: ventral
the belly side (navel ventral to trunk surface)
directional terms: posterior or dorsal
the back surface (shoulder blade posterior to rib cage)
directional terms: cranial or cephalic
the head
directional terms:superior
above; at a higher level
directional terms: caudal
the tail (hips caudal to waist)
directional terms: inferior
below; at a lower level (knees inferior to hips)
directional terms: medial
toward the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane ( the medial surface of the thighs may be in contact; moving medially from the arm across the chest surface brings you to the sternum
directional terms: lateral
away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane (thigh articulates with the lateral surface of the pelvis; moving laterally form the nose brings you to your cheek)
directional terms: proximal
toward an attached base ( thigh is proximal to the foot; moving proximally from the wrist brings you to the elbow)
directional terms: distal
away from an attached base ( fingers are distal to the wrist; moving distally from the elbow brings you to the wrist
directional terms: superficial
at, near or relatively close to the body surface
directional terms: deep
farther from the body surface
what is a plane
a three dimensional axis
what is a section
a slice parallel to a plane
why are planes and sections used
used to visualize internal organization and structure
terms that indicate sectional planes : transverse or horizontal
perpendicular to long axis. separates superior and inferior portions of the body . a cut in this plane is called a cross section
terms that indicate sectional planes : sagittal
parallel to long axis. separates right and left portions.
terms that indicate sectional planes :midsagittal
plane passes through the mid-line, dividing the body into right and left sides
terms that indicate sectional planes : parasagittal
cut parallel to the midsagittal plane. separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size.
frontal or coronal
separates anterior and posterior portions of the body (coronal used for portions of the skull)
what are the 2 essential functions of body cavities
1. protect organs from accidental shocks
2. permit changes in size and shape of internal organs
what is the ventral body cavity divided by and what are the 2 cavities created
the diaphragm
1. thoracic cavity
2. abdominopelvic cavity
what do serous membranes do
line body cavities and cover organs
what are the two parts of serous membrane
partial layer- lines cavities
viscera layer- covers organs
what is the thoracic cavity composed of and what do they contain
right and left pleural cavities and they contain the right and left lung
what is the upper portion of the medisatium filled with
blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
what is the lower portion of the medisatium contain
pericardial cavity
what does the periocardial cavity contain
the heart
what is the peritioneal cavity
chamber within abdominopelvic cavity
what does the peritioneal cavity contain
parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
what does the parietal peritoneum do
line the internal body wall
what does the visceral peritoneum do
covers the organs
what is the abdominal cavity
the superior portion
what does he abdominal cavity contain
the diaphragm to top of pelvic bones
digestive organs
retroperitoneum space
what is the retroperitoneum and what does it contain
area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall. contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract
what is the pelvic cavity
the inferior portion
where is the pelvic cavity and what does it contain
within pelvic bones and contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder