Final Exam True/False Flashcards

1) The "all or none" phenomenon as applied to nerve
conduction states that the whole nerve<br>cell must be stimulated
for conduction to take place.</p>

2) Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli.</p>

3) Efferent nerve fibers may be described as motor nerve fibers.

4) Saltatory conduction occurs because of the presence of salt (NaCl)
around the neuron.

5) Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying
outside the central nervous<br>system.</p>

7) During depolarization, the inside of the neuronʹs membrane becomes
less negative.

8) Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups.

9) Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated
to increase.

10) The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons.

11) Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine.

13) In myelinated axons the voltageregulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

14) Action potentials can be generated by virtually all cells of the body because all cells possess cell membranes.

15) Voltage is always measured between two points and may be called
the potential between these two points.

16) Neurons that are far away from the center of the neuron pool and that are not easily excited by an incoming stimulus are in the
discharge zone

17) Acetylcholine is not a biogenic amine.

18) The two major classes of graded potentials are transmitter
potentials and receptor potentials

19) A graded potential that is the result of a neurotransmitter released into the synapse between two neurons is called a postsynaptic potential.

20) Large diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much faster than small diameter fibers.

21) The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral
neural processes.</p>

22) Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral
and central processes.

23) A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.

24) A positive feedback cycle is the main force in the generation of graded potentials at receptor ends.

25) If bacteria invaded the CNS tissue, microglia would migrate to the area to engulf and destroy them.

1) The meningeal branch of a spinal nerve actually reenters the vertebral canal to innervate<br>the meninges and blood vessels.</p>

2) In the somatosensory system there are no third order neurons in the cerebellum.

3) There are 41 pairs of spinal nerves.

4) The glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve that contains sensory fibers.

5) The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus.

6) The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural fibers.

7) The only cranial nerves to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves.

8) The dorsal ramus consists only of motor fibers bringing information to the spinal cord.

9) Dermatomes are skin segments that relate to sensory innervation regions of the spinal<br>nerves.

10) Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers.

11) Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups.

12) The obturator nerve branches from the sacral plexus.

13) Reciprocal inhibition means that while one sensory nerve is stimulated, another sensory neuron for synergistic muscles in the same area is inhibited and cannot respond.

14) External strabismus and ptosis could be caused by damage to the oculomotor nerve.

15) In order to regulate motor activity, to start and stop movements, and to coordinate postural<br>movements, the cerebellum and basal nuclei are involved.</p>

1) Since the ANS is a visceral motor system, afferent pathways are of no importance and
actually are rarely found.

2) The rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division of the ANS.

3) The gray rami communicantes consist of myelinated postganglionic fibers.

4) Splanchnic nerves are mixed motor and sensory nerves.

5) The autonomic nervous system may cause activation or inhibition, depending on the
division that is active and the target that is affected.

6) The celiac ganglion is primarily associated with the sympathetic division.

7) The sympathetic chain is composed of collateral ganglia.

8) Thermoregulatory responses to increased heat are mediated by the sympathetic nervous division.

9) Most disorders of the autonomic nervous system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle
control.

10) Alphaadrenergic
effects are usually stimulatory and mediatory.

11) The adrenal medulla is considered a ʺmisplacedʺ sympathetic ganglion by some.

12) Acetylcholine is the substance released by the axonal endings of the somatic efferent fibers and
by the parasympathetic nerve fiber endings.

13) Most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system.

14) Through direct neural stimulation, the sympathetic division promotes many metabolic
effects via hormone release.

15) Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X contain postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic
nervous system.

16) In contrast to the parasympathetic division, the sympathetic division has numerous
postganglionic neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord.

17) Norepinephrinereleasing
fibers are called cholinergic fibers.

18) The parasympathetic division is a branch of the somatic nervous system.

19) The craniosacral division is another name for the parasympathetic division.

20) The chain ganglion, like the dorsal root ganglion, contains soma from sensory neurons.

21) Most blood vessels are innervated by the sympathetic division alone.

22) The blood vessels of the skin are one of the few areas of the body where the vessels are
innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

23) Events recorded in a lie detector examination are controlled by the sympathetic division.

24) All splanchnic nerves are sympathetic.

25) Splanchnic nerves pass through the abdominal aortic plexus.

26) The structures that specifically exhibit vasomotor tone are mostly under sympathetic
control.

27) Since many of the same cardiac cells are innervated by both parasympathetic and
sympathetic fibers, the influence of the two divisions on the heart is synergistic.

βadrenergic
receptors are the only receptors found on the heart.

29) Autonomic reflex centers occur in the spinal cord, medulla, and midbrain.

In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation.

2) The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitoninparathormone.

3) The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

4) The endocrine structure that develops from the nervous system is the anterior pituitary.

5) Both ʺturn onʺ factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and ʺturn offʺ factors
(feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.

6) ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

7) LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

8) The only known effect of prolactin in humans is to produce impotence in males.

9) Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

10) Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid
produce calcitonin.

11) The thyroid gland is embedded in the parathyroid tissue.

12) The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.

13) The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin.

14) Most Type II diabetics do not produce insulin.

15) Peptide hormones enter the target cells and elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter
effects.

16) Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that has destructive effects on the skeletal system.

17) Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant.

18) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the
urinary excretion of sodium.

19) While glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory
effects.

20) The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life
of an individual.

21) Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to
brain
neurotransmitters.

22) All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and
LH.

23) Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

24) The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic
rate is the parathyroid.

25) Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce
hormones.

26) Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are both caused by a genetic mutation involving
the synthesis of insulin.

27) The stimulus for calcitonin release is usually excessive amounts of growth hormone
synthesis

28) Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when
an individual is suffering from severe stress.

29) Direct gene activation involves a secondmessenger system.

29) Direct gene activation involves a second messenger system.

30) All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA.

31) All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP
secondmessenger.

1) The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones.

2) Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions of white blood cells.

3) The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting.

4) The process of fibrinolysis disposes of bacteria when healing has occurred.

5) The RB graveyard is the liver.

6) Hemorrhagic anemias result from blood loss.

7) White blood cells are produced through the action of colonystimulating
factors.

8) Hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin.

9) Each heme contains an atom of iron and can transport one molecule of oxygen.

10) Each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen.

11) Diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillary

12) Positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signals leukocyte migration into damaged areas.

13) A condition of leukocytosis indicates over 11,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter in the blood.

14) Basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs.

15) Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes.

16) A person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or O blood.

17) Leukocytes move through the circulatory system by amoeboid motion.

18) Granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and the most numerous of all white blood cell types.

19) All lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes.

20) Myelocytic leukemia involves a cancerous condition of lymphocytes.

1) The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.

2) Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen
than does skeletal muscle.

3) Anastomoses among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to
the heart muscle.

4) Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so
that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues.

5) Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue.

6) The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.

7) Chronic release of excess thyroxine can cause a sustained increase in heart rate and a
weakened heart.

8) Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or
diastole.

9) Trabeculae carneae are found in the ventricles and never the atria.

10) The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information
about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic valves.

11) Autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons.

12) The papillary muscles contract after the other ventricular muscles so that they can take
up the slack on the chordae tendineae before the full force of ventricular contractions sends blood
against the AV valve flaps.

13) An ECG provides direct information about valve function.

14) As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is
required to open the aortic valve.

15) Proxysmal atrial tachycardia is characterized by bursts of atrial contractions with little
pause
between them.

1) The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in
time is termed autoregulation.

2) Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation
because of its proximity to the heart.

3) Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily
move through the capillary membrane.

4) The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.

5) The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima.

6) The thick walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries.

7) Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg.

8) A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into
the capillaries.

9) The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is
more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a
whole.

10) Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction.

11) The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues.

12) In infants and young people, congenital vascular problems are less common than
congenital heart disease.

13) The most common form of shock is hypovolemic shock.

14) Every minute, about 1.5 ml of fluid leaks out of the capillaries.

15) The pancreas is an example of an organ with arteries that do not anastomose.

16) An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head
and neck to the heart.

17) Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial
anastomoses.

18) An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance.

19) The first major branch of the femoral artery is the dorsalis pedis artery.

20) The azygos vein originates in the abdomen.

21) Whereas diffusion is more important for solute exchange between plasma and interstitial
fluid, bulk flow is more important for regulation of the relative volumes of blood and interstitial
fluid.

1) Food is contained in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion until it is
completely digested and the waste prepared for elimination.

2) The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to
spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine.

3) As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients are
more readily available to the body.

4) Some of the microbes that often invade other organs of the body are rarely found in the
stomach. The reason for this is the presence of HCl.

5) Kupffer cells are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and wornout
cells.

6) The pharyngealesophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons

7) All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small
intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial
cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.

8) Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by
the parietal cells.

9) The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins.

10) The major role of absorption in the ileum is to reclaim bile salts to be recycled back to
the liver.

11) The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.

12) Peyer's patches are found in the submucosa of the distal end of the small intestine.

13) The myenteric nerve plexus provides the major nerve supply to the GI tract wall and
controls GI motility.

14) The first teeth to appear are the deciduous teeth.

15) Dentin anchors the tooth in place.

16) The digestive function of the liver is to produce bile.

17) The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.

18) Another term for swallowing is deglutition.

19) The intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stress relaxation response is termed platicity

20) The stomach's contractile rhythm is set by pacemaker cells found in the spinal cord.

21) The major stimulus for production of intestinal fluid is distention or irritation of the
intestinal mucosa by hypertonic or acidic chyme.

22) Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by active
transport.

23) Ionic iron is actively transported into the Mucosal cells, where it binds to the protein ferritin, a phenomenon called the mucosal iron barrier.

24) Mumps is an inflammation of the parotid glands caused by myxovirus.

25) Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach.

26) The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow food.

1) If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules
that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

2) In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow
of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent
multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent
exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from
the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration
dramatically

3) The ureter transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

4) Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water
reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed
facultative water reabsorption.

5) The position of the kidneys behind the
peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is described by the term retroperitoneal.

6) The entire responsibility for urine formation lies with the nephron.

7) Urine is 95% water by volume.

8) The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

9) Glomerular filtration is an ATPdriven
process.

10) In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable
to water.

11) The collecting duct is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH.

12) The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

13) Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

14) Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the
filtrate.

15) Blood pressure in the renal glomerulus is lower than in most parts of the body in order to conserve body water.

16) The proximal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that attaches to the
collecting
duct.

17) Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.

18) Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

19) The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to stretch.

20) An excessive urine output is called anuria.

21) Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

22) The trigone is so named because of the shape of the urinary bladder.

23) Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

24) The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content
of the filtrate.

25) Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

26) Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

27) Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

1) It is necessary for the testes to be kept below body temperature.

2) The prostate atrophies as a man ages, and it usually causes no health problems.

3) The hormone oxytocin combines with enzymes in semen to enhance sperm motility.

4) When a couple is having difficulty conceiving a child, it is necessary to investigate the sperm
of the male.

5) The amount of testosterone and sperm produced by the testes is dependent on the influence of
FSH alone.

6) Ovarian follicles contain mature eggs.

7) Sexually transmitted infections are the most important cause of reproductive disorders.

8) Reproduction is not possible in males or females until one year after puberty has begun.

9) The smaller cell produced by oogenesis meiosis I, called the first polar body, is essentially a packet of discarded nuclear material.

10) Pain during ovulation is called dysmenorrhea.

11) A human egg or sperm contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

12) The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix.

13) The adenohypophyseal hormone that triggers ovulation is estrogen.

14) The male urethra serves the urinary system only.

15) Both tetrads and crossovers are seen during meiosis.

16) Failure to attain erection is called impotence.

17) Ovulation occurs near the end of the ovarian cycle.

18) The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.

19) Female orgasm is required for conception.

20) The first sign of puberty in females is budding breasts.

21) The primary function of the testes is to produce testosterone.

22) The stage in meiosis where chromosomal exchange takes place is telophase.

23) The diamondshaped
area between the coccyx, pubic arch, and ischial tuberosities in the female is the vulva.

24) The soft mucosal lining of the uterus is the endometrium.

25) A scrotal muscle that contracts in response to cold environmental temperature is the
cremaster.

26) The secretions of the bulbourethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and
serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.

27) The zona pellucida is formed as the follicle becomes a secondary follicle.

28) The molecule that enhances the ability of testosterone to promote spermatogenesis is
inhibin.

1) Conceptus is a term used to describe the developing human offspring.

2) The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period.

3) Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle.

4) Freshly deposited sperm are not capable of penetrating an oocyte.

5) By 72 hours after fertilization, the egg has divided into more than 160 cells and is called
the morula.

6) Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation.

7) A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect GH levels in a woman's blood or urine.

8) The body systems of the developing embryo are present in at least rudimentary form at
eight weeks.

9) Of the three germ layers, the mesoderm forms the most body parts.

10) A pregnant woman urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the
bladder, and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes.

The "fluidfilled,
hollow ball of cells" stage of development is the blastocyst.

12) The embryonic stage lasts until the end of the eighth week.

13) The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the amnion.

14) In fetal circulation, one way in which blood bypasses the nonaerated lungs is by way of
the foramen ovale.

15) An episiotomy is an incision made to widen the vaginal orifice, aiding fetal expulsion.

16) The placenta and its attached fetal membranes are collectively called the afterbirth.

17) Human placental lactogen initiates labor.

18) Surfactant production in premature infants is rarely a factor in providing normal
respiratory activity.

19) A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells, while the morula is a solid ball of cells.

20) A zygote is usually formed within the uterus.

1) NREM sleep normally exhibits four distinct stages, which appear to alternate.

2) Petit mal seizures found in children generally go away with age.

3) NREM sleep episodes are frequently associated with erection of the penis.

4) A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep.

5) Theta waves are a brain wave pattern that can be seen during deep sleep and during
anesthesia.

6) One disorder of the substantia nigra is Parkinsonʹs disease.

7) Cell bodies of the somatic motor neurons of the spinal nerves are located in the ventral
horn of
the spinal cord.

8) Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons.

9) The spinal cord ends between L1 and L2.

10) Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid
space outside the brain.

12) The RAS is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system.

13) Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned.

14) The first obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening
of the
surface ectoderm to form the neural plate.

15) The left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant.

16) The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain.

17) The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain
is the
foramen of Monro.

18) Commissural fibers form the corpus striatum.

19) A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction
are all
symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei.

20) Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.

21) Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over from
one
side of the body to the other.

22) The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space.

23) One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center
involved in
the control of the rate and depth of breathing.

24) Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area
occurs
in the hypothalamus.

25) Sensory areas of the cortex for the genitals are located deep in the postcentral gyrus.

26) Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the
midbrain

1) Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

2) The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

3) Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body.

4) Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water
carries them along the osmotic gradients.

5) The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

6) Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or
diabetes
insipidus.

7) It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to
carry
out ordinary body functions.

8) Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is
termed dehydration.

9) Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, feces, and urine.

10) Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and
causes
tissue edema.

11) While the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF
remains
stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

12) Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body
systems.

13) When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the
collecting
tube.

14) Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

15) Pressure diuresis decreases blood volume and blood pressure.

16) Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

17) To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

18) The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

19) Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly
all
events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

20) Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

21) Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical
problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

22) Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

23) The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and
calcitonin.

24) Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum
levels
are low.

25) The normal pH of blood is 7.35 7.45.

26) Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as byproducts
of cellular metabolism.

27) Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they
partially dissociate.

28) The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

29) The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

30) One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

31) As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the
hydrogen
ion concentration of the blood decreases.

32) Regulation of the acidbase
system is accomplished mainly through respiratory control,
and the kidneys also play a small role.

Severe damage to the respiratory system rarely will result in acidbase
imbalances.

34) Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

35) Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.