Lesson 6 Chapter 19: Blood Vessels Flashcards

any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood can't circulate normally. Severs conditions can cause tissue death/organ failure

due to severe blood loss (hemorrhage, burns, sever vomitin/diarrhea).

-decrease in blood volume = increased, thready Heart rate.

-Intense vasocontriction = shifts blood from reservoirs to major circulatory ch

-B/P stable but then drops sharply

blood volume is normal but circulation is poor resulting from abnormal expansion of the vascular bed caused by extreme vasodilation. Drop in peripheral resistance = rapid drop in B/P

-caused by anaphylactic shock; failure of ANS regulation (Septic shock); sun (heat) shock

(pump failure); heart is inefficient and can't sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage.

is collected by the cardiac veins and reenters the right atrium vis the coronary sinus

parallel the course of systemic arteries. Naming of veins is identical to their companion arteries

run beneath the skin. Can be seen in limbs, face, & neck

- There are NO superficial arteries; therefore, names of superficial veins don't correspond to any arteries

venous blood draining from the brain enters here rather than veins

venous blood draining from digestive organs enters here and perfuses through the liver BEFORE entering systemic circulation again.

• vein-capillary-vein system

Newborn: arterial pressure = 90/55

childhood (rises) to adulthood = 120/80

Old age (norm) = 150/90

increase resistance due to rigidity and protein buildup

Females: puberty to ~45, women have less atherosclerosis due to protection of estrogen

• estrogen reduces resistance due to the enhanced nitric oxide production, inhibiting endothelial release & block voltage-gated Ca2+
• stimulates the liver to produce enzymes that speed up catabolism of LDLs & increases production of HDLs, thus reducing atherosclerosis

Both sexes: after age of 65, atherosclerosis risk rises

function: only brings blood into close contact w/ alveoli sofas can be exchanged.

blood: oxygen-poor, dark red blood

enters the R Ventricle > large pulmonary trunk > R & L pulmonary arteries > (in lungs) blood subdivides into lobar arteries > arterioles > pulmonary capillaries embedded in the air sacs

- O2 moves from alveolar sacs into blood & CO2 swaps

Bright red blood in capillaries drain--> venules --> (form) 2 pulmonary veins exiting from each lung (2 each) > O2 rich blood is dumped into R Atrium

carry O2-poor blood, CO-rich blood

Carry O2-Rich blood, CO2-poor blood

carry O2-rich blood

carry CO2-rich, and O2-poor blood

Function: provides functional blood supply to all body tissues. Delivers O2, nutrients, and carries away wastes & CO2

oxygenated blood returning from pulmonary circuit is pumped OUT of L ventricle > aorta > aortic branches > arterioles > capillaries (organs)

Venous blood draining from organs inferior to the diaphragm enter the Inferior vena cava. The vena cava dump CO2 laden blood into the R Atrium

Venous blood draining from organs superior to the diaphragm enter the Superior vena cava. The vena cava dump CO2 laden blood into the R Atrium

ONLY after first moving through the pulmonary circuit

a small fraction of the output of the L ventricle flow through any single organ

• largest artery in the body & issues from L ventricle
• internal diameter is 2.5 cm
• wall is 2 MM thick; decreases slightly in size at terminus
• Aortic sinus = Opposite each aortic valve cusp; contains baroreceptors important in reflex regulation of B/P

• runs posteriorly and to Right of pulmonary trunk
• ~5 cm long before curving the left as the Aortic arch

• the only branches of the ascending aorta
• supply the myocardium

• is deep to the sternum
• begins and ends at the sternal angle (T4 level)
• has 3 major branches that supply the head, neck & upper limbs

• "armhead"
• passes superiorly under the right clavicle and branches under the right clavicle and branches into
  • Right common carotid artery
  • Right subclavian artery

• Left common Carotid artery (2)
• Left subclavian artery (3)
• these 3 vessels provide blood supply to head, neck, upper limbs & thorax wall.

• runs along anterior spine of T5 - T12
• various small arteries run off from here into viscera

• stems from descending aorta
• supplies abdominal walls & viscera
• ends at the T4 level

• splits off from end of abdominal aorta
• supply the pelvic and lower limbs

• each common carotid artery divides into 2 branches
• at the division point, each internal carotid artery has a slight dilation point => carotid sinus
• ascend through the lateral neck, at the superior border of the larynx; branches off

contains baroreceptors that assist in flex blood pressure control

chemoreceptors are located here and are involved in the control of respiratory rate

• arises from the brachiocephalic trunk

• its the second brach of the aortic arch

• supply cranial tissue EXCEPT for the brain and orbit

• branches off from external carotid into thyroid gland and larynx

• branches off from external carotid artery and supplies the tongue

• branches off from external carotid artery
• supplies the skin & muscles of the anterior face

• branches off from external carotid artery
• supplies the posterior scalp

• splits off from the ends of the external carotid artery
• supplies the parotid salivary gland and most of the scalp

• supplies the upper and lower jaws, chewing muscles, teeth and nasal cavity

• enters the skull through the foramen spinosum
• supplies the inner surface of the parietal bones, squamous region of temporal bones, and underlying dura mater

• supplies the orbits & 80% of the cerebrum
• inside cranium, it divides into
  • ophthalmic artery
  • anterior & middle cerebral artery

• supplies the eyes, orbits, forehead, and nose

• supplies the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

• run in the lateral sulci of respective cerebral hemispheres
• supply the lateral parts of the temporal, parietal and frontal lobes

• spring from the subclavian arteries at the root of the neck and ascend through the foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae to enter the skull through the foramen magnum

• ascends along anterior aspect of the brain stem
• gives off branches to the cerebellum, pons, and inner ear

• Supply the occipital lobes & inferior parts of temporal bones

• arterial shunts that connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral arteries anteriorly

• arterial anastomoses created by the anterior and 2 posterior communicating arteries
• structure encircles the pituitary gland & optic chiasma
• unites the brain's anterior & posterior blood supplies
• equalizes BP & provides alternate blood routes (IF blockage present)

• short vessel that arises from subclavian artery
• supplies the thyroid gland, portions of cervical vertebrae, & spinal cord, some scapular muscles

• short vessel that arises from subclavian artery
• serves the deep neck & superior intercostal muscles

• branch to entirely supply the upper limbs

• branching from subclavian artery; runs through axilla
• gives off branches to axilla, chest wall, & shoulder girdle

• supplies the deltoid muscle and pectoral region

• serves the lateral chest wall and breast

• scapula
• dorsal thorax wall
• part of latissimus dorsi muscle

• wrap around the humeral neck
• supply the shoulder joint & deltoid muscle

• emerges from the axillary artery
• runs down medial aspect of humerus
• supplies the anterior flexor muscles of arm

• major branch of brachial artery
• supplies serves posterior triceps brachii muscle

• runs from the median line of the cubital fossa to the styloid process of the radius
• supplies lateral muscles of forearm, wrist, thumb & index finger
• find radial pulse here

• supplies the medial aspect of the forearm, fingers 3-5, medial aspect of index finger

• short brach at proximal end
• runs between the radius and ulna to serve the deep flexors & extensors of the forearm

• branches of radial & ulnar arteries anastomose to form the superficial & deep palmar arches

• supply the fingers
• arise from palmar arches

• "mammary arteries"
• arise from subclavian arteries
• supply blood to most of anterior thorax wall

• supply the intercostal spaces anteriorly

• superior 2 pair: derive from costocervical trunk
• next 9 pairs: issue from the thoracic aorta, course around the rib cage to anastomose anteriorly with anterior intercostal arteries

• 12th rib artery: emerges from thoracic aorta

Supplies:

• posterior intercostal spaces
• deep muscles of the back
• vertebrae
• spinal cord

• serve the posterior aspect of the diaphragm surface

• several tiny branches supply the posterior pericardium

• 2 left and 1 right bronchial arteries supply systemic blood to the lungs, bronchi, and pleurae

• 4-5; supply esophagus

• many & small; serve the posterior mediastinum

• emerge from the aorta at T12, inferior to diaphragm
• serve the inferior diaphragm surface

• large and unpaired branch that divides into 3 branches
  • common hepatic
  • splenic
  • left gastric arteries

• gives off branches to the stomach, duodenum & pancreas

• branches off of common hepatic artery
• becomes the hepatic artery proper

• splits into right and left branches
• branches serve the liver

• passes deep to the stomach
• sends branches to the pancreas and stomach
• terminates in branches to the spleen

• supplies part of the stomach & inferior esophagus

• branches off the gastroduodenal and splenic arteries
• Serve the greater curvature of the stomach

• supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach
• may arise from the common hepatic artery OR the hepatic artery proper

• large, unpaired artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the L1 level immediately below the celiac trunk
• runs deep to the pancreas, enters the mesentery

• anastomoses from the superior mesenteric artery
• serves all of the small intestine
• serves most of the large intestine (appendix, cecum, ascending colon)

• a part of the intestinal artery
• serves appendix, cecum, and ascending colon

• is a part of the intestinal artery
• serves part of the transverse colon

• supply blood to the adrenal glands overlying the kidneys

• short, wide; right and left, issue from the lateral surfaces of the atria slightly below the superior mesenteric artery
• serves the kidneys

• paired & long; descend through the pelvis and inguinal canal to enter the scrotal sac
• serve the testes

• extend into the pelvis to serve the ovaries and part of the uterine tubes

• final major branch of the abdominal aorta
• unpaired & aries from anterior aortic surface at the L3 level
• serves the distal part of large intestine

• four pairs of lumbar arteries arise from posterolateral surface of aorta in the lumbar region
• supplies the posterior abdominal wall

• unpaired and issues from posterior surface of abdominal aorta at the terminus
• supplies the sacrum and coccyx

• at L4 level; splits into Right & Left common iliac arteries
• supply lower abdominal wall, pelvic organs and lower limbs
• divides into 2 branches

• paired arteries run into the pelvis
• supply blood to pelvic walls & viscera
  • bladder, rectum, uterus, & vagina
  • prostate gland & ductus deferens in males

• serve the gluteal muscles

• serve the adductor muscles of the medial thigh

• serve the external genitalia and perineum

• supply the lower limbs
• as they course through the pelvis, they give off branches to the anterior abdominal wall

• largest of the femoral arteries branch
• main supply to thigh muscles
  • hamstrings
  • quads
  • adductors

• encircle the neck of the femur
• Medial: supplies head & neck of femur
• Lateral: supplies the vests lateralis muscle

• Supplies the knee region
• splits into anterior and posterior tibial arteries in leg

• runs through anterior compartment of the leg
• supplies the extensor muscles

• supplies the ankle and dorsum of the foot
• pulse point; strong pulse = goof blood flow to leg

• branches off from dorsallis pedis artery
• issues the metatarsal arteries
  • supplies the metatarsals of the foot

• large artery; courses through posteromedial part of leg
• supplies flexor muscles

• proximal to posterior tibial artery
• large branch
• supplies the lateral fibularis muscle of the leg

• at the ankle, the posterior tibial artery divides into these
• supplies the plantar surface of the foot
• Lateral: forms the lateral end of plantar arch

• serve the toes and arise from the plantar arch

• run toward the heart
• distal veins are names first
• closest to the heart named last

• great vein receives systemic blood from all areas SUPERIOR to the diaphragm, EXCEPT heart wall
• formed by the union of the Right and Left Brachiocephalic veins
• empties INTO the RIGHT atrium

• two; each vein is formed by the union of the internal jugular & subclavian vein

• widest blood vessel in the body
• returns blood TO the heart from all body regions BELOW the diaphragm
• abdominal aorta lies to the left

• Distal end of inferior vena cava is formed by junction of paired common iliac veins at L5
  • travels superiorly along anterior aspect of spine
  • receives venous blood draining from abdominal walls, gonads & kidneys
  • enters the inferior aspects of the right atrium

• veins of the brain drain here
• an interconnected series of enlarged chambers located between the dura mater layers

• located in the falx cerebri, which dips down between the cerebral hemispheres
• these drain into the straight sinus posteriorly

• the superior sagittal and straight sinuses empty here
• run in shallow grooves on the internal surface of the occipital bone

• the transverse sinuses drain here
• "S-shaped"
• become the Internal jugular veins
• Leave the skull via the jugular foramen

• flank the sphenoid body
• receive venous blood from the ophthalmic veins

• supply the orbits and facial veins
• drain into the nose and upper lip area

• R & L drain superficial scalp & face structures served by the external carotid arteries
• descend through the lateral neck; pass obliquely over sternocleidomastoid muscles
• empty into subclavaian vein

• DON'T serve much of the brain
• drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, & some neck muscles
• run inferiorly through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae
• join brachiocephalic veins at root of neck

• paired; receive the bulk of the blood draining from the brain
• largest of the paired veins draining from the head & neck
• arise from dural venous sinuses & exit the skull via Jugular foramina
• descend through the neck alongside the internal carotid arteries

• blood from the mammary glands and the first 2 or 3 intercostal spaces drain here

• drain the thoracic tissues & thorax wall
• branching nature provides a collateral circulation for draining the abdominal wall and other parts served by the inferior vena cava

• deep and superficial
• found in the hand
• empty into the Radial & Ulnar veins of the forearm
• all unite to form the Brachial vein

• vein found in the arm
• becomes the Axillary vein as it enters the axilla

• Found in the armpit, adjacent to axillary artery
• this vein becomes the Subclavian vein at the level of the first rib

• the superficial venous system begins here
• it's a plexus of superficial veins in the dorm of the hand
• in the distal forearm, the plexus drains into the
  • cephalic, basilic veins, & median antebrachial vein

• bends around the radius as it travels upward
• continues up the lateral superficial aspect of the arm to the shoulder
• runs in the the groove between the deltoid and pectoralis muscles to join the axillary vein

• runs along the posteromedial aspect of the forearm & crosses the elbow
• Joins the brachial vein in the axilla to make the axillary vein

• on the anterior aspect of the elbow
• connects the basilic and cephalic veins

• on the forearm; lies between the radial & ulnar veins in the forearm
• terminates at the elbow by entering either the basilic or cephalic vein

• located against the right side of the vertebral column
• originates in the abdomen, from the R ascending lumbar vein that drains most of the right abdominal cavity wall
• and from R posterior intercostal veins that drain the chest muscles
• at T4 level, it arches over great vessels that run to the R lung & empties into Superior vena cava

• vessel ascends on the left side of the vertebral column
• origin: from L ascending lumbar vein & lower posterior intercostal veins mirror the inferior portion of the azygos vein on the right
• midthorax, this vein passes in front of vertebral column & joins the azygos vein

• completes the venous drainage on the L thorax
• continuation of the hemiazygos vein
• receives blood from 4-8th posterior intercostal vein
• crosses Right to empty into azygos vein
• receives venous blood from lungs

• veins draining digestive viscera empty here
• transports blood into liver BEFORE entering systemic circulation via hepatic veins

• a venous system
• veins -> capillaries (or sinusoids) -> veins
• serve specific regional tissue needs

• carries nutrient rich blood from digestive organs to liver
• hepatocytes, in liver sinusoids, remove nutrients (metabolic functions)
• phagocytic cells in the sinusoids rid blood bacteria/debris

• drain the posterior abdominal wall
• empty into inferior vena cava and into ascending lumbar veins of azygos system of thorax

• Right vein drains the ovary or testis on the R side of body and empties into the inferior vena cava
• Left vein drains into the left renal vein superiorly

• the R and L renal veins drain the kidneys

• Right: drink the adrenal gland on the right; empties into inferior vena cava
• Left: drains into the left renal vain

• series of vessels in which 2 separate capillary beds lie between the arterial supply and the venous drainage
• numerous tributaries from stomach & pancreas contribute to this system
• 1st capillary bed: in stomach, intestines, drain into hepatic portal vein

• second capillary bed in the liver
• short portal; begins at L2 level

• major vessel of hepatic portal vein
• drains entire small intestine, part of large intestine & stomach

• major vessel of hepatic portal vein
• collects blood from spleen, parts of stomach & pancreas
• joins superior mesenteric vent form hepatic portal vein

• drains distal portions of large intestine & rectum
• joins the splenic vein before the vessel joins the superior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein

• R & L veins carry venous blood from liver to the inferior vena cava

• drain the gall bladder
• join hepatic veins

• drain the inferior surface of the diaphragm

• formed by the union of the medial & lateral plantar veins
• ascends deep in the calf muscle
• receives the fibular vein

• it's the superior continuation of the doornails pedis vein of the foot
• unites at the knee w/ the posterior tibial vein to form the popliteal vein

• crosses the back of the knee
• as it emerges from knee, it becomes the femoral vein

• emerges from popliteal vein
• drains the deep structures of the thigh
• its becomes the external iliac vein

• enters the pelvis
• inside the pelvis, this vein unites with the internal iliac vein = common iliac vein

• issue from the dorsal venous arch of foot
• anastomose frequently with each other and deep veins

• longest vein in the body
• travels superiorly along the medial aspect of the leg to the thigh
• empties (from thigh) distal to the inguinal ligament

• runs along the lateral aspect of foot & then through the fascia of the calf muscle
• Drains the calf muscle
• at the knee, it empties into the popliteal vein