The active protein-digesting enzyme found in the stomach is:
Pepsin
The inactive form of the protein-digesting enzyme found in the stomach is
Pepsinogen
_______ activates the inactive form of the protein-digesting enzyme found in the stomach.
HCl
(Hydrochloric Acid)
The enzyme found on the brush border of the small intestine that activates an inactive protein-digesting enzyme is
Enterokinase
The active protein-digesting enzyme that is activated by the enzyme found on the brush border of the small intestine is
Trypsin
The inactive form of the protein-digesting enzyme that is activated by the enzyme found on the brush border of the small intestine is
Trypsinogen
In the small intestine, one enzyme activates two inactive protein-digesting enzymes. Name those two inactive protein-digesting enzymes
Chymotrypsinogen
Procarboxypeptidase
In the small intestine, one enzyme activates two inactive protein-digesting enzymes. Name the ACTIVE forms of those two inactive protein-digesting enzymes
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
In the small intestine, one enzyme activates two inactive protein-digesting enzymes. Name the enzyme that activates those two inactive protein-digesting enzymes
Trypsin
In the stomach, ____ actives _____, turning it to ______
HCl
Pepsinogen
Pepsin
In the brush border of the small intestine, _____ activate _____, turning it to _____
Enterokinase enzymes
Trypsinogen
Trypsin
In the small intestine, ______ activates ______ and _______, turning them to _______ and ______
Trypsin
Chymotrypsinogen and Procarboxypeptidase
Chymotrypsin and Carboxypeptidase
The “food” as it passes from the stomach to the small intestines is
Chyme
The “food” as it passes from the mouth to the stomach is a
Bolus
The “food” as it passes from the anus is
Feces
Digestion begins in the stomach
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Digestion begins in the mouth
The villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The parotid salivary gland secretes lingual lipase to begin the breakdown of fats.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
The internal anal sphincter is under conscious control while the external anal sphincter is not.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
The internal anal sphincter is under UNCONSCIOUS control. The external anal sphincter is under conscious control.
The liver has first pick of the nutrients absorbed by the blood coming from the small intestine.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The stomach absorbs aspirin and alcohol, but not much else.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
The stomach absorbs asprin and some lipid-soluble drugs, not alcohol
Metabolism depends on the function of enzymes, and enzymes are very sensitive to pH
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
What structures make up the alimentary canal?
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Functions of the colon:
Electrolyte absorption
Water absorption
Vitamin synthesis
Fecal storage
What structures make up the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
The alimentary canal is lined with ______
Mucous membranes
The sequence of layers of the alimentary canal inferior to the diaphragm from deep to superficial are…
Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa
Which layer of the alimentary canal is highly vascularized and innervated?
Submucosa
Which digestive structure has three layers of muscle tissue?
Stomach
Two sugar molecules bonded together are called…
Disaccharides
The substrate for amylase is…
Starch
Which protein digesting enzyme is a pancreatic secretion?
Trypsinogen
Which enzyme converts DNA & RNA into one of five nucleotides?
Nucleases
The surface area for absorption in the small intestine is approximately equal to:
1 tennis court
Name the regions of the stomach
Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
Ingestion
Tasting and taking food into mouth
Mastication
Chewing/salivating food in mouth
Deglutition
Swallowing food
Digestion
Converting food into simpler organic compounds (nutrients)
Absorption
When nutrients leave the alimentary canal and move inside into the blood
This is when food actually becomes part of your body
Defecation
Elimination of waste products from alimentary canal
Eructation
Burping
Flatulate
Pass gass
What are the three requirements for enzymes?
1. Correct pH
2. Correct temp.
3. Correct substrate
______ convert disaccharides into monosaccharides
Disacharidases
______ fuel for mitochondria to produce ATP for energy
Glucose
Lipid digestion is performed mostly by ______ and ______
Bile salts
Lipases
Define:
1. Sympathetic digestive response
2. Parasympathetic digestive response
1. Decreased digestive activity/efficiency
2. Increased digestive activity/efficiency (normal/digesting branch of autonomic nervous system)
Roof of mouth
palate
Fauces
Opening from mouth to throat
Contain palatine tonsils
Regions of the tooth:
Upper - Crown
Middle - Neck
Lower - Root/Periodontal ligaments
Layers of the tooth
Inner - Pulp
Middle - Dentin
Outer - Enamel
List the three external salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Functions of saliva
1. Clean mouth with lysozyme and IgA
2. Moisten/bind food via mucus
3. Begin starch digestion
4. Contain electrolytes
Mumps
Viral infection of parotid salivary glands with swelling and pain
The mucous cells in the stomach secret alkaline mucous, which prevents ______
Self digestion
The chief cells in the stomach secrete ______
Pepsinogen
The parietal cells in the stomach secrete ____
HCl
The enteroendocrine cells secrete ____ affecting digestive organs
Hormones
List the 3 regions of the small intestine:
1. Doudenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum
Intestinal glands that secrete "intestinal juices"
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Hepatic Portal System
Connects capillaries of intestines and other digestive organs to the liver
Aciner cells secret ______ juices, which include HCO3- and digestive enzymes
Pancreatic
A sac containing bile
Gall bladder
List the parts of the colon and where they are located
1. Ascending (begins at iliocecal valve and ends at hepatic flexure)
2. Transverse (begins at hepatic flexure and ends at splenic flexure)
3. Descending (begins at splenic flexure and ends at sigmoid colon)
4. Sigmoid (s-shaped terminal curve going to rectum)
How much did Elvis' colon weigh?
60 lbs
How many ATP's can one glucose molecule produce without the presence of oxygen?
2
Where does aerobic fermentation take place?
In the cytoplasm
Where does Cellular Respiration take place?
The mitochondria
How many ATP are produced per each glucose molecule with the presence of oxygen?
38
How many ATP, NADH, FADH, H20 and CO2 molecules are produced during the Kreb's cycle per one gluclose?
ATP X2
NADH X8 (plus 2)
FADH X2
H20 X2
CO2 X2
Each NADH is worth __ ATP. Therefore, the ___ NADH produce ____ ATP.
3
10
30
Each FADH is worth __ ATP. Therefore, the ___ FADH produce ___ ATP.
2
2
4
Total number of ATP produced before ETC:
2