The skeletal system is composed of what?
bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments
What are the major parts of the skeletal system?
axial, appendicular
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
What are the major regions of the axial skeleton?
skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
The skull is formed by two sets of bones. They are?
Cranial bones, facial bones
How many cranial bones are there?
8
Which cranial bones are paired?
parietal bones, temporal bones
What cranial bones are NOT paired?
frontal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone
Which bone is the anterior portion of the cranium and is one of 4 bones that has a sinus?
frontal bone
Which bones have a sinus?
frontal bone, maxillary, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone
Which bone makes up the superior and lateral aspects of the cranial vault?
Parietal bones and associated sutures
Which bone allows tears to evaporate?
lacrimal bone
Which bone is your cheek?
zygomatic bone
Which bone is your upper jaw?
maxilla
Which bone is your lower jaw?
mandible
Which bone includes the middle nasal concha and perpendicular plate?
ethmoid bone
Which cranial bone is the thinnest?
temporal bone
What is an opening that allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through?
foramen
Which bone is the roof of the mouth?
palantine bone
What condition occurs if the palantine bone does not fuse?
cleft palette
Which bone forms most of the skull's posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa; is the sense of sight?
occipital bone
Which bone includes the sites for attachment for ligamentum nuchae and many neck and back muscles?
occipital bone
Which bone articulates with the 1st vertebrae?
occipital bone
Through which opening does the spinal cord go?
foramen magnum
How many temporal bones are there?
2
Which bone has four major regions - squamous, tympanic, mastoid and petrous?
temporal bone
This is a complex bat-shaped bone in the cranial vault that has a sinus.
sphenoid bone
This process on the sphenoid bone has muscles attached that allow for jaw movement
pterygoid processes
This is the deepest skull bone, is part of the cranial vault, has a sinus, and is the superior part of the nasal septum
ethmoid bone
How many facial bones are there?
14
Which facial bones are not paired?
mandible, vomer
Which facial bone is the lower jaw, the longest, strongest bone of the face?
mandible
Which bones are medially fused to form the upper jaw and central portion of the facial skeleton?
maxillary bones
Which facial bones are your cheekbones?
zygomatic bones
Which bones form the bride of the nose?
nasal bones
Which bones are in the medial walls of orbits?
lacrimal bones
Which bones are the posterior one-third of the hard palate, walls of the nasal cavity, and small part of the orbits?
palatine bones
Which bone is plow shaped, the inferior part of the nasal septum?
vomer
What are mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces that enhance the resonance of voice, warm and humidify air, and found in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones?
paranasal sinuses
Which bone is NOT a bone of the skull, is a horn-shaped free floating bone, movable base for the tongue, and site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech?
hyoid bone
How many bones does the vertebral column have?
26
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
What are the vertebrae of the neck?
cervical vertebrae
What are the vertebrae of the lower back?
lumbar vertebrae
What are the vertebrae of the thoracic cage?
thoracic vertebrae
What is the bone inferior to the lumber vertebrae?
sacrum
What is the terminus of the vertebral column?
coccyx
How many curvatures of the spine are there?
4
Curvatures are concave or convex. Cervical and lumbar curvatures are...?
concave posteriorly
Curvatures are concave or convex. Thoracic and sacral curvatures are...?
convex posteriorly
Which type of abnormal spine curvature is an abnormal lateral curve?
scoliosis
Which type of abnormal spine curvature is an exaggerated thoracic curvature (hunchback)?
kyphosis
Which type of spine curvature is an accentuated lumbar curvature (swayback)?
lordosis
What do ligaments do?
attach bone to bone
What connects adjacent vertebrae?
ligamentum flavum
What type of ligaments go from the neck to sacrum?
anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
Which type of ligaments connect each vertebra to those above and below?
short ligaments
What are cushion-like pads composed of two parts?
intervertebral discs
What are intervertebral discs composed of?
nucleus pulposus, anulus fibrosus
What is an inner gelatinous, gives disc it's elasticity and compressibility
nucleus pulposus
What is an outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage?
anulus fibrosus
What are the general structure of vertebrae?
body or centrum, vertebral arch, vertebral foramina, intervertebral formamina
What is the anterior weight-bearing region of the vertebrae?
body or centrum
What is composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with centrum, enclose vertebral foramen?
vertebral arch
What makes up the vertebral canal for spinal cord?
vertebral foramina
What are lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves?
intervertebral foramina
How many processes are there per vertebrae?
7
Which process projects posteriorly?
spinous process
Which processes project laterally?
transverse processes
Which processes protrude superiorly?
superior articular processes
Which process protrude inferiorly?
inferior articular processes
What are C1 and C2 cervical vertebrae called?
atlas, axis
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
Which vertebrae all articulate with ribs at facets and demifacets?
thoracic vertebrae
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
Which vertebrae receive the most stress, have flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes that point posteriorly?
lumbar vertebrae
What consists of 5 fused vertebrae?
sacrum
What forms the posterior wall of the pelvis?
sacrum
What is the tailbone, 3-5 fused vertebrae, and articulates superiorly with the sacrum?
coccyx
What is composed of the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly, and ribs laterally?
thoracic cage
What protects vital organs, supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs, and provides attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders?
thoracic cage
The sternum is composed of three fused bones - they are?
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
What is the superior portion of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles and ribs 1 and 2?
manubrium
What is the midportion of the sternum that articulates with costal cartilage of ribs 2-7?
body
What is the inferior end of the sternum that is the site of muscle attachment, is sword-like, and not ossified until age 40?
xiphoid process
Which ribs are considered true ribs?
1-7
Which ribs are considered false ribs?
8-12
Which are the free-floating ribs?
11-12
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
What consists of the bones of the limbs and their girdles?
appendicular skeleton
What attaches the upper limbs to the body trunk?
pectoral girdle
What attaches the lower limbs to the body trunk?
pelvic girdle
Which girdle consists of the clavicles and scapulae?
pectoral girdle
Which bones have cone-shaped sternal ends that articulate with the sternum medially, articulates laterally with the scapula, and anchors muscles?
clavicle (collarbones)
What bones are flat, irregular, with three borders and three angles, on the dorsal surface of the rib cage between ribs 2 and 7?
scapulae
How many bones form the skeletal framework of each upper limb?
30
What is the largest, longest bone of the upper limb, that articulates inferiorly with the radius and ulna?
humerus
What are the forearm bones?
radius and ulna
What bones make up the hand?
carpal, metacarpal, phalanges
How many carpal bones are in the hand?
8
How many metacarpal bones are in the hand?
5
How many phalanges are in the hand?
14
What is the medial bone in the forearm that forms the major portion of the elbow joint with the humerus?
ulna
What is the lateral bone of the forearm?
radius
What is the palm bone (consists of 5 bones to form the palm)?
metacarpus
What are the finger bones?
phalanges
What is the thumb bone?
pollex
What girdle is composed of two hip bones and sacrum?
pelvic girdle
What attaches lower limbs to the axial skeleton with strong ligaments, transmits the weight of upper body to lower limbs?
pelvic girdle
What bones fuse to form the coxal bone?
ilium, ischium, pubis
What is the superior region of the coxal bone, and articulates with the sacrum?
ilium
What is the posteroinferior part of the hip bone?
ischium
What is the anterior portion of the hip bone?
pubis
What are the segments of the lower limb?
thigh, leg, foot
What are the bones of the thigh?
femur, patella
What is the largest, strongest bone in the body?
femur
What is the sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon?
patella
What is the medial leg bone, that receives the weight of the body from the femur, transmits to foot?
tibia
What articulates proximally and distally with the tibia, is not weight bearing, does not articulate with the femur, and has several muscles that originate from it?
fibula
The tibia and fibula are connected by what?
interosseous membrane
What are the bones of the foot?
tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges
How many tarsal bones are there?
7
Body weight is carried primarily by what bones in the foot?
talus and calcaneus
What is the ankle bone?
Calcaneus
How many metatarsals are in the foot?
5
How many phalanges are in the foot?
14
What are the types of arches in the foot?
lateral longitudinal, medial longitudinal, transverse
Skulls bones are connected by what?
fontanelles
What abnormality of the skull results when there is no medial fusion of the right and left halves of the palate?
cleft palate
What are the primary curvatures of the spine at birth?
thoracic and sacral - convex posteriorly
What are the secondary spine curvatures after birth?
cervical and lumbar- convex anteriorly