Human Anatomy & Physiology: bio 121 Flashcards

-nutrients
-oxygen
-water
-normal body temperature
-appropriate atmospheric pressure

-maintaing boundaries between internal and external
-movement
-responsiveness
-digestions
-metabolism
-excretion
-reproduction
-growth

all cells depend on organ system to meet their survival needs

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside change

involve continuos monitoring and regulation of many factors

-receptor(sensor)
-control center
-effector

most abundant chemical in the body

affects rate of chemical reactions

for adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs

chemical for energy and cell building

essential for energy release (ATP production)

all chemical reactions that occur in the body
-catabolism and anabolism

the removal of waste from metabolism and digestion. (urea, carbon, dioxide, feces)

the ability to sense and respond to stimuli

-break down ingested foodstuffs
-absorption of simple molecules into blood

-responds stimuli
-detect change

-determine appropriate response
-receive input from receptor

-receive output from the control center
-response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)

the response reduces or shut off the original stimulus
ex. regulation of body temperature

the response to exaggerates the original stimulus

-increase risk of disease
-may allow positive feedback mechanism to take over

-frontal
-orbital
-nasal
-oral
-mental

-axillary
-mammary
-sternal

-acromial
-brachial
-antecubital
-antebrachial
-carpal

-palmar
-pollex
-digital

tarsal (ankle)
metatarsal
digital
hallux

in front of

behind

at the midline of the body

away from the midline of the body

between a more medial and more lateral structure

closer to the origin of the body part

farther from the origin of a body part

toward or at the body surface

away from the body surface; more internal

-axial (head, neck, trunk)
-appendicular (limbs)

-frontal (coronal)
-transverse
-sagittal plane
-missagittal

-dorsal cavity
-ventral cavity

protect nervous system
-cranial cavity
-vertebral cavity

houses internal organs
-thoracic cavity
-abdominalpelvic cavity

thin, doble-layer membrane separated by serous fluid
- parienta serosa lines internal body walls
-visceral serosa cover the internal organs

is anything that take space and has mass

is the capacity to do work or put matter in motion

-potential energy
-kinetic energy

-chemical
-electrical
-radiant
- mechanical

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxigen
-nitrogen

are compose of positive charge protons, negative charged electrons, and uncharged neutrons

is the sum of protons and neutrons

number of protons

atoms of the same element can have diff. numbers of neutrons . the diff, version of each element are called isotopes.

is an average of the relative weight of all isotope of the elements

is an atom with unstable nucleus, and emits radiation during it decay to stable form.

a molecule is the smallest unit resulting bounding of two or more atoms. if the atoms are diff. they form a molecule of a compound

-solution
-colloids
-suspensions

is an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms,and its it is made or broken in trillionth of a second.

-ionic bonds
-covalent bonds
-hydrogen bonds

are formed when a electrons are completely transferred from ane atoms to another

are formed when atoms share electron pair. if the electron pair are share equally , the molecules are non polar. if they are share unequally, it is polar.

are weak bonds. it more like attraction than a true bonds. (the slightly positive end of the water molecule became aligned with the slightly negative end of the water molecule.

involve the formation, breaking or rearrangement of chemical bonds.
- require energy to form bonds
-all chemical reactions are exergonic (release energy) or energonic (consume energy)

chemical reactions are either anabolic (constructive) or catabolic (destructive). They include synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reaction . oxidation-reduction reactions may be considered special types of exchange (or decomposition reaction

smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules.re basis of constructive (anabolic) , activities in the body cells such as joint small molecule called amino acid into large protein molecules. ex. building blocks
A+B->AB

occurs when a molecule is broken down into small molecules , (catabolic)
AB->A+B

involve both synthesis and decomposition reaction. bonds are both made and broken
AB+C->AC+B and AB+CD->AD+CB

involve in transfer of electrons

release of energy (catabolic)

energy is absorbed (anabolic)

bonds are energy relationship, and there is a net loss or gain of energy in every chemical reaction.

if reaction condition remain unchanged, all chemical reactions eventually reach a state of chemical equilibrium in with the reaction proceeds in both direction at the same rate.
all chemical reaction are theoretically reversible, but many biological reactions go in one direction

we can increase our rate of reaction increasing our temperature

are substance that increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves becoming chemically change. biological catalyst are called enzymes

is the study of chemical composition and reaction of living matter

contains carbons. usually large and are covalently bonder. (carbohydrate, fats, proteins and nucleic acid)

water is the single most abundant compound in the body (60 % -80%)

it absorbs and releases heat slowly, act as universal solvent, participate in chemical reaction and cushions(protect) body organs

ionic compounds that dissolve in water an act as electrolytes.ions play especial role in body functions. contain cation (but not include (H+))and anions(but not include OH-))

are protons(hydrogen ion) donors,

are the proton acceptors. Bicarbonate ion (HCo-3) and ammonia(NH3)are important bases in the body.

do not contain carbon like water, salt , acids and bases

carbohydrate building blocks are monosacharides, disacharides, polysaccharides

Ph change affect cell function and may damage living tissues. slight change in the PH can be fatal

mixture of compounds that resist PH cahange

is taken out the water molecule (synthesis reaction)

add water into 2 molecules

not solvent in water

are neutral fats and liquid oil
-energy storage
-insulation
-protection

are groups of amino acids

have shapes

-shape change with environment change
-reversible in most of the case but not all
-damage the structure
it happen when increase significantly the tempertaure or decrease the PH

assist in folding of proteins into their functional 3-D structure

lower the activation of energy. it increase the rate of chemical reaction by decreasing the among activation energy need.

DNA and RNA

it found inside the nucleus

it found out side the nucleus , carried out DNA instructions for protein synthesis include messenger RNA, transferRNA, ribosome RNA

storage energy