the transmission of genetic material (DNA and RNA) from an organism to its offspring
heredity
DNA + protein
chromosome
a sequence of DNA that codes for a particular trait
gene
basic unit of heredity
gene
also means location
locus
genes with different information at the same location
alleles
a permanent alternation in DNA
mutation
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA
Ribonucleic Acid
RNA
refers to the genetic information contained in the DNA of the organism
genotype
refers to the specific characteristics displayed by the organism
phenotype
linear sequence of nucleotides of DNA that form a functional unit of a chromosome or a plasmid
gene
information in a specific gene, found at a particular place on the chromosome or plasmid
locus
In what three major ways can the information in DNA be transferred?
1. DNA Replication
2. Transcription
3. Translation
What are the reasons we copy/replicate DNA?
growth
repair
maintenance
In this transferring of information in DNA, DNA produces more DNA
DNA Replication
in this transferring of information in DNA one strand of each DNA molecule is half old and the olther is half new
Semiconservative replication
governs strand assembly and proofreads
DNA polymerase
What do ribosomes make?
proteins
In this part of transferring information in DNA RNA is produced using DNA as a template
transcription
Refers transcription occurs in what?
viruses
forms ribosomes
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
carries instructions to build proteins to the ribosomes (each three RNA bases specify a particular amino acid or a stop code)
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfers needed amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes
trandfer RNA (tRNA)
Why do ribosomes need amino acids?
to build proteins
in this porption of transferring information within DNA ribosomes "read"messenger RNA and link the coded for amino acids together into proteins
translation
Approximately what percentage of a bacterial cell's energy is used to produce proteins?
80 to 90
What two causes of mutations does your book list?
1. spontaneous
2. induced
mutations that have no know cause
spontaneous
mutations caused by mutagens
induced
tend to increase the mutation rate above the spontaneous rate
mutagens
give two examples of known mutagens
radiation
some chemicals
something that can cause a mutation
mutagen
What are the two tyoes of mutations?
1. Point Mutation
2. Frameshift Mutation
in this type of mutation a single base is replaced and it may or may not cause problems
point mutation
in this type of mutation an insertion or deletion of one or more bases takes place and it always causes a problem
frameshift mutation
these are found in cured meat such as deli meats, hot dogs, and bacon
nitrates and nitrites
cancer causing
carcinogens
one of the first tests done on new products to see if there are mutations
Ames Test
The ames test uses what that can not make histidine
salmonella strain
Why does the ames test use a certain strain of salmonella?
it uses a strain that can not make histidine amino acids so it can't make proteins
What is the end result of the ames test believed to be if the new product does contain mutagens
if salmonella makes histidine right away
removes an amino group (-NH2) from a nitrogenous base to point mutations
deaminating agent
Bacteria have _______ as their genetic material
RNA
Which base is NOT found in DNA?
uracil
The first bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced was:
Haemophilus influenza
The process of reverse transcription creates:
DNA from RNA
During DNA repliction, DNA ploymerase adds nucleotides:
to the 3' end of the growing strand
During DNA replication, the new strand has a sequence ______ to the strand being copied
identical
DNA replication is termed
conservative
The enzyme responsible for transcription is called:
RNA polymerase
In prokaryotes, transcription takes place in the:
ribosomes
Ribosomes are made of
RNA and protein
tRNA is responsible for transporting _______ to the ribosome
amino acid
Each tRNA has a/an _______ that allows it to match up with the correct mRNA codon
DNA sequence
The bond that is created between amino acids is called a _______ bond
ionic
Repressors are molecules that inhibit:
DNA replication
A phenotypoe refers to the ________of an organism
expressed physical characteristics
A mutation that results in a change in DNA sequence, but no change in the amino acid sequence of the protein, is termed ______ mutation
silent
Which of the follwing can induce mutations?
base analogs
ionizinhg radiation
ultraviolent radiation
The Ames Test is used to test whether or not:
a chemical is mutagenic